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Primitives ​

In this guide, we will cover the basic primitive types available in your language, Vein. Primitives are the fundamental data types that are used to represent simple values.

Integer Types ​

Signed Integers ​

  • i8 (alias SByte): 8-bit signed integer.
  • i16: 16-bit signed integer.
  • i32: 32-bit signed integer.
  • i64: 64-bit signed integer.
  • i128: 128-bit signed integer.

Unsigned Integers ​

  • u8 (alias Byte): 8-bit unsigned integer.
  • u16: 16-bit unsigned integer.
  • u32: 32-bit unsigned integer.
  • u64: 64-bit unsigned integer.
  • u128: 128-bit unsigned integer.

Floating-Point Types ​

  • f16 (alias Half): 16-bit floating-point number.
  • f32 (Float): 32-bit floating-point number.
  • f64 (Double): 64-bit floating-point number.
  • f128 (Decimal): 128-bit floating-point number.

Boolean Type ​

  • bool: Represents a boolean value, which can be either true or false.

String Type ​

  • string: Represents a sequence of characters.

Void Type ​

  • void: Represents the absence of a value. Typically used in methods that do not return a value.

Raw Pointer Type ​

  • raw (alias intptr): Represents a raw pointer to a memory address.

Range Structure ​

  • range alias Range: A structure containing two numbers, representing a range from start to end.

Span<T> Structure ​

  • span<T> alias Span<T>: A structure referencing a raw slice of memory. Often used for working with arrays or buffers.

TimeSpan Structure ​

  • TimeSpan: A structure representing a unit of time, e.g., 1 hour, 32 seconds, 672 milliseconds.

System Types ​

  • ValueType: The system type that all structures inherit from.
  • Object: The system type that all classes inherit from.
  • Exception: The base type for all exceptions and errors.

Array and Collections ​

  • Array<Any>: A generic array that can hold elements of any type.

Guid ​

  • Guid: A globally unique identifier (UUID) version 4.

Examples ​

Here are some examples of how to declare and use these primitive types:

Integer Example ​

vein
auto age = 30;  // i32 by default

auto smallNumber: i8 = -128;
auto byteValue: u8 = 255;

auto shortNumber: i16 = -32768;
auto ushortNumber: u16 = 65535;

auto integerNumber: i32 = 2147483647;
auto uintNumber: u32 = 4294967295;

auto longNumber: i64 = 9223372036854775807;
auto ulongNumber: u64 = 18446744073709551615;

auto bigNumber: i128 = 170141183460469231731687303715884105727;
auto ubigNumber: u128 = 340282366920938463463374607431768211455;

Attention!

Currently i8 (signed byte), u128, i128, u256, i256, u512, i512, f128, f256 number is not implemented

Floating-Point Example ​

vein
auto halfPrecision: f16 = 1.5h;  // Half-precision float
auto floatNumber: f32 = 3.14f;   // Single-precision float
auto doubleNumber: f64 = 3.1415d;  // Double-precision float
auto decimalNumber: f128 = 3.1415926535m;  // Decimal precision float

Attention!

Currently decimal floating point number is not implemented fully

Boolean, String, and Void Example ​

vein
auto isActive: bool = true;
auto greeting: string = "Hello, World!";

Range Example experimental not fully implemented at the moment ​

vein
auto myRange: range = 1..10;

Span Example experimental not fully implemented at the moment ​

vein
auto intSpan = span.allocate{0,1,2,3,4};

TimeSpan Example ​

vein
auto duration: TimeSpan = 
    new TimeSpan(hours: 1, minutes: 32, seconds: 45, milliseconds: 672);

Array Example experimental ​

vein
auto messages = new Array<string>() ["Hello", "World"];

Guid Example ​

vein
auto myGuid = new Guid();

Conclusion ​

Understanding these primitive types is crucial for effective programming in Vein.
They form the building blocks for more complex data structures and operations in your programs.